Measurement errors in control risk regression: A comparison of correction techniques

Control risk regression is a diffuse approach for meta-analysis about the effectiveness of a treatment, relating the measure of risk with which the outcome occurs in the treated group to that in the control group. The severity of illness is a source of between-study heterogeneity that can be difficult to measure. It can be approximated by the rate of events in the control group. Since the estimate is a surrogate for the underlying risk, it is prone to measurement error. Correction methods are necessary to provide reliable inference. This article illustrates the extent of measurement error effects under different scenarios, including departures from the classical normality assumption for the control risk distribution. The performance of different measurement error corrections is examined. Attention will be paid to likelihood-based structural methods assuming a distribution for the control risk measure and to functional methods avoiding the assumption, namely, a simulation-based method and two score function methods. Advantages and limits of the approaches are evaluated through simulation. In case of large heterogeneity, structural approaches are preferable to score methods, while score methods perform better for small heterogeneity and small sample size. The simulation-based approach has a satisfactory behavior whichever the examined scenario, with no convergence issues. The methods are applied to a meta-analysis about the association between diabetes and risk of Parkinson disease. The study intends to make researchers aware of the measurement error problem occurring in control risk regression and lead them to the use of appropriate correction techniques to prevent fallacious conclusions.     

Does newborn screening improve early lung function in cystic fibrosis?

Despite evidence showing an improvement in nutritional outcomes following diagnosis by newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF), the impact on pulmonary outcomes has been less clear. In this review the approaches to measurement of early lung function and knowledge gained from NBS CF cohorts will be described. Studies which have compared outcomes in those diagnosed by NBS to those diagnosed following symptomatic presentation will be presented. Compiling the evidence base used to evaluate the impact of NBS on pulmonary outcomes has been complicated by improvements in clinical management, infection control practices, as well as public health interventions (such as tobacco smoking bans in public places) that have evolved substantially over recent decades. Forced expiratory volumes have been used as the main outcome but it is important not to draw conclusions for ‘early lung function’ from tests such as spirometry alone, which lack sensitivity in early lung disease. There is, at present, insufficient evidence to draw firm conclusions about the effect of NBS on early lung function. In an era of highly effective treatments targeting the underlying molecular defect responsible for CF, future opportunities for early initiation of treatment may mean that the impact of NBS on early lung function may yet to be realised.     

系统性呼吸功能训练对哮喘-慢性阻塞性肺疾病重叠综合征患者肺功能及呼吸指标的影响

目的 探讨系统性呼吸功能训练对哮喘-慢性阻塞性肺疾病重叠综合征(asthma-COPD overlap syndrome,ACOS)患者肺功能和呼吸指标的影响。方法 选择笔者所在医院2019年5月-2020年10月收治的102例ACOS患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组和研究组,各51例。对照组行常规护理,研究组在对照组基础上融合系统性呼吸功能训练。比较2组干预前后的肺功能指标和呼吸指标。结果 干预后,研究组的肺功能各项指标均明显优于对照组(P<0.05);气道阻力各项指标显著优于对照组(P<0.05),呼吸困难程度轻于对照组(Z=-2.996,P=0.003)。结论 对ACOS患者在护理过程中融合系统性呼吸功能训练,可明显降低患者气道阻力指标,对改善肺功能、缓解患者呼吸困难具有明显效果。     

郑州地区孕妇铁营养状况及其影响因素调查

目的 探讨郑州地区孕妇铁营养状况及其影响因素。方法 以2021年4—8月在郑州市某三家医院建立健康档案并进行孕期体检的孕妇作为研究对象进行问卷调查及铁营养状况检测,采用描述流行病学方法对孕妇铁营养状态进行分析,并采用单、多因素分析方法对孕妇铁缺乏状况影响因素进行分析。结果 共有3 258例孕妇参与本次研究,其中妊娠早期989例,占30.36%,妊娠中期1 125例,占34.53%,妊娠晚期1 144例,占35.11%。在3 258名孕妇中,共有773例为铁缺乏,铁缺乏的检出率为23.73%。多因素分析结果显示,年龄≥35岁（OR=2.726）、处于妊娠的中期或晚期（OR=3.037,3.438）、月经初潮年龄<13岁（OR=2.432）、经产妇（OR=3.493）、流产次数≥3次（OR=2.648）、孕前月经量≥100 mL/次（OR=2.420）、文化程度为初中及以上（OR=0.517,0.459）、居住在农村（OR=3.684）、家庭月收入>3 000元及以上（OR=0.601,0.542）、居住房屋装修时间<1年（OR=6.449）、罹患消化系统疾病（OR=4.716）、有营养补齐剂摄入（OR=0.355）是孕妇铁缺乏的影响因素。结论 郑州市孕妇铁缺乏检出率较高,需要尽早给予针对性的干预。部分因素被确定为该地区孕妇人群发生铁元素缺乏的影响因素,可选择性的对其中危险因素给予干预。     

The effect of remotely delivered lifestyle interventions on cognition in older adults without dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Up to 40% of dementias may be preventable via risk factor modification. This inference has motivated the development of lifestyle interventions for reducing cognitive decline. Typically delivered to older adults face-to-face, the COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated their adaptation for remote delivery. We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials of remotely delivered lifestyle interventions (≥4 weeks duration and delivered >50% remotely), for adults aged ≥ 60 without dementia, examining effects on objective cognitive measures. Comparators were active (face-to-face or remote) or passive. Ten studies (n = 2967) comprising multidomain (k = 4), physical activity (k = 3) or psychosocial (k = 3) remote interventions were included. Data were synthesized using robust variance estimation meta-analysis. The pooled estimate comparing the effect of remote interventions versus comparators on cognition was not significant (g=−0.02; 95%CI [−0.14, 0.09]; p = .66); subgroup analyses by type of intervention or comparator also yielded non-significant effects. Most studies had low risk of bias. Current evidence to support remote lifestyle interventions is limited. Included studies were conducted pre-pandemic, and evaluated individual, rather than group interventions. Future studies may exploit the greater digital connectivity of older people since the pandemic. Group formats, more frequently efficacious than individual interventions in face-to-face dementia prevention trials, may be a rational approach for future remote trials.     

吲达帕胺联合厄贝沙坦对高血压并发充血性心力衰竭患者的疗效及凝血-纤溶系统的影响

【摘要】目的 探讨吲达帕胺联合厄贝沙坦对高血压并发充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者的疗效及凝血 纤溶系统的影响。方法 纳入2018年10月~2019年10月我院86例高血压并发CHF患者将其随机分为对照组和观察组，每组各43例。对照组给予厄贝沙坦治疗，观察组基于以上加予吲达帕胺片治疗。对比两组治疗前及治疗3个月后的血压水平和心功能情况，评估两组临床疗效，比较治疗前及治疗3个月后的血小板标志物和血浆凝血 纤溶系统指标水平。结果 治疗3个月，两组患者的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、左心室舒张期内径(LVEDD)、左室收缩末期内径(LVESD)值较治疗前显著降低(P＜005)，左室射血分数(LVEF)值较治疗前显著增加(P＜005)，观察组显著高于对照组(P＜005)；观察组的临床总有效率显著高于对照组(P＜005)；治疗3个月，两组患者的血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体(PAC 1)、P 选择素(CD62P)水平相比治疗前有显著降低(P＜005)，两组患者的血浆D D、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、纤溶酶原激活抑制物 1(PAI 1)水平相比治疗前有显著降低，血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t PA)相比治疗前有显著升高(均P＜005)，以上指标观察组的变化幅度显著大于对照组(P＜005)。 结论 吲达帕胺片联合厄贝沙坦治疗能提高高血压并发CHF患者的临床疗效，有效改善患者的血压水平和心功能，且对血小板PAC 1、CD62P有明显抑制作用，并改善凝血 纤溶系统指标。     

Functional connectivity of the attention networks is altered and relates to neuropsychological outcomes in children with prenatal alcohol exposure

Cognitive and functional brain alterations can occur in children with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). We examined the functional connectivity (FC) among regions within and between attention networks, and whether inter- and intranetwork FC moderated cognition in children with PAE (n = 37; age 12.8 ± 2.8 years) and nonexposed controls (n = 40; age 13.2 ± 2.8 years). Participants completed standardized attention and executive functioning tasks and resting state functional MRI. Inter- and intra-network FC and graph-theoretical metrics were calculated among attention network regions. Relative to controls, PAE was associated with reduced FC between the left temporoparietal junction and left ventral frontal cortex and anterior insula/frontal operculum (aI/fO), and between the left intraparietal sulcus and bilateral aI/fO. PAE was associated with increased FC between the right precuneus and intraparietal lobes, the right anterior prefrontal cortex and left ventral frontal cortex and aI/fO, and the left thalamus and dorsal frontal cortex. Graph-theoretical metrics did not differ by group. FC predicted cognitive performance, negatively in the children with PAE and positively in controls. Increased intra-network together with reduced internetwork FC suggests inefficient network specialization and impaired long-range FC among attention network regions after PAE. Results further suggest that those alterations may underlie attention and executive dysfunction in children with PAE.     

Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后肾脏功能损伤的危险因素

目的调查分析Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后肾脏功能损伤(AKI)的危险因素,为临床降低肾脏功能损伤并发率对策提供支持。方法收集2017年1月—2019年12月医院心血管外科确诊且顺利行A型主动脉夹层手术的179例患者为研究对象,均由同组外科医师和麻醉医师实施手术,术后进入ICU监测治疗。根据术后早期是否存在AKI,将发生AKI 60例设为病例组,未发生AKI 119例设为对照组。分析发生AKI高危因素。结果经过多因素Logistics回归分析显示,年龄(OR=2.396)、双侧肾脏灌注欠佳(OR=8.725)、BMI值(OR=3.454)、监测膀胱温度(OR=4.180)、CPB时长(OR=2.165)、术中红细胞输注(OR=2.291)均为此类手术患者发生AKI独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论年龄、BMI值、双侧肾脏灌注欠佳、CPB、监测膀胱温度、术中红细胞输注均为影响A型主动脉夹层术后AKI的独立相关因素,临床护士应针对上述分析制定个体化针对方案以降低术后AKI发生风险。     

“1+5”式支持教育联合体表感官刺激在住院精神分裂症患者中的应用

目的"1+5"式支持教育即1名辅导员负责5例患者,本研究探讨其联合体表感官刺激在住院精神分裂症患者中的应用效果。方法选择医院2019年1月—2020年3月住院精神分裂症患者80例为研究对象,按照组间年龄、病程、婚姻状况、住院时间、干预前简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)具有可比性的原则分为对照组和观察组,每组40例。对照组采取常规护理,观察组在对照组基础上加以"1+5"式支持教育联合体表感官刺激,比较两组患者的精神症状及社会功能状况。结果观察组患者精神症状严重程度低于对照组,社会功能评定量表(SSPI)各因子评分均高于对照组,差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论"1+5"式支持教育联合体表感官刺激在住院精神分裂症患者中的应用,能改善其精神症状及社会功能,促进疾病康复。